1. PCB Electroplating ni iki?
Gushyira amashanyarazi kuri PCB bivuga inzira yo gushyira urwego rw'icyuma hejuru ya PCB kugira ngo habeho guhuza amashanyarazi, kohereza ibimenyetso, gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe, n'indi mirimo. Gushyira amashanyarazi kuri DC bisanzwe bihura n'ibibazo nko kuba nta buryo bwo gusiga neza, uburebure budahagije bwo gushyiramo amashanyarazi, n'ingaruka mbi ku nkombe, bigatuma bigorana guhaza ibyifuzo by'inganda zigezweho nka High-Density Interconnect (HDI) boards na Flexible Printed Circuits (FPC). Ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi bihindura ingufu za AC muri mains bikaba AC ifite frequency nyinshi, hanyuma bigakosorwa bigashungurwa kugira ngo bikore DC cyangwa pulsed current ihamye. Frequencies zabo zishobora kugera kuri kilohertz icumi cyangwa amagana, zirenze kure frequency y'amashanyarazi (50/60Hz) y'amashanyarazi asanzwe ya DC. Iyi miterere ya frequency nyinshi izana inyungu nyinshi kuri PCB electroplating.
2. Ibyiza byo Gukoresha Ingufu Zikoresha Ingufu Zidasanzwe mu Gukoresha Ingufu za PCB
Kunoza Uburyo bwo Gusiga: "Ingaruka z'uruhu" z'imigezi ifite frequency nyinshi zituma amashanyarazi yibanda ku buso bw'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi, binoza neza uburyo bwo gusiga amashanyarazi bungana kandi bigabanya ingaruka z'inkombe. Ibi ni ingirakamaro cyane cyane mu gupfuka inyubako zikomeye nk'imirongo mito n'imyobo mito.
Ubushobozi bwo kongera ubushobozi bwo gushyiramo ibintu byimbitse: Imiyoboro y'amazi ifite frequency nyinshi ishobora kwinjira neza mu nkuta z'imyobo, yongera ubunini n'ubunini bw'imyobo iri imbere, ibi bikaba byujuje ibisabwa kugira ngo imashini ikoreshe ingano y'ibipimo by'ubunini.
Kongera Ubushobozi bwo Gukoresha Electroplating: Ibiranga uburyo bwo gusubiza vuba bw'amashanyarazi akoresha frequency nyinshi bituma habaho kugenzura neza umuriro, bigabanya igihe cyo gukoresha plating no kongera ubushobozi bwo gukora.
Ingufu zikoreshwa kugabanuka: Ingufu zikoreshwa mu guhinduranya ingufu zikoresha inshuro nyinshi zifite ubushobozi bwo guhinduranya ingufu kandi zigakoresha ingufu nke, bihuye n'icyerekezo cy'inganda zikora ibikoresho birengera ibidukikije.
Ubushobozi bwo Gushyira Pulse Plating: Ingufu zikoresha frequency nyinshi zishobora gusohora pulse current byoroshye, bigatuma pulse electroplating ikora. Gushyira Pulse Plating byongera ubwiza bw'igitambaro, byongera ubucucike bw'igitambaro, bigabanya porosity, kandi bigabanya ikoreshwa ry'inyongera.
3. Ingero z'uburyo bwo gukoresha ingufu zikoreshwa mu gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi mu buryo bwa PCB Electroplating
A. Gushyiramo umuringa: Gushyiramo amashanyarazi mu muringa bikoreshwa mu nganda za PCB kugira ngo bikore urwego ruyobora amashanyarazi rw'uruhererekane. Ibikoresho bihindura amashanyarazi mu buryo bwa frequency nyinshi bitanga ubucucike bw'amashanyarazi buhamye, bikanatuma urwego rw'umuringa rushyirwamo neza kandi bikongera ubwiza n'imikorere y'urwego rushushanyije.
B. Gutunganya ubuso: Gutunganya ubuso bwa PCB, nko gushushanya zahabu cyangwa feza, nabyo bisaba imbaraga za DC zihamye. Imashini zihindura ikirere zifite frequency nyinshi zishobora gutanga ingufu z'amashanyarazi n'amashanyarazi bikwiye ku byuma bitandukanye bitunganya icyuma, bigatuma irangi rirushaho kuba ryiza kandi rigakomeza kwangirika.
C. Gushyiramo imiti: gushyiramo imiti bikorwa nta muyoboro w'amashanyarazi, ariko inzira ifite ibisabwa bikomeye ku bushyuhe n'ubucucike bw'umuriro. Imashini zihinduranya ingufu zishobora gutanga ingufu z'inyongera muri iki gikorwa, zigafasha kugenzura umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi.
4. Uburyo bwo kumenya ibipimo by'amashanyarazi ya PCB Electroplating
Ibipimo by'amashanyarazi ya DC akenewe mu gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi ya PCB biterwa n'ibintu byinshi, harimo ubwoko bw'imikorere ya electroplating, ingano ya PCB, ubuso bwo gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi, ubucucike busabwa ubu, n'umusaruro mwiza. Hasi hari ibipimo by'ingenzi hamwe n'ibipimo bisanzwe by'amashanyarazi:
A. Ibisobanuro bigezweho
●Ubucucike bw'ubu: Ubucucike bw'ubu bukoreshwa mu gushushanya PCB busanzwe buri hagati ya 1-10 A/dm² (ampere kuri desimetero kare), bitewe n'uburyo bwo gushushanya (urugero: gushushanya umuringa, gushushanya zahabu, gushushanya nikeli) n'ibisabwa mu gushushanya.
●Ibisabwa byose ku muvuduko w'amashanyarazi: Ibisabwa byose ku muvuduko w'amashanyarazi bibarwa hashingiwe ku buso bwa PCB n'ubucucike bw'amashanyarazi. Urugero:
⬛Niba ubuso bwa PCB bwo gushyiramo amashanyarazi ari 10 dm² kandi ubucucike bw'amashanyarazi ari 2 A/dm², igiteranyo cy'amashanyarazi gikenewe cyaba 20 A.
⬛Kuri PCB nini cyangwa umusaruro mwinshi, hashobora kuba hakenewe amperes amagana cyangwa umusaruro w’amashanyarazi uri hejuru kurushaho.
Ingano zisanzwe z'umuvuduko w'amazi:
●Ikoreshwa rya PCB nto cyangwa laboratwari: 10-50 A
●Umusaruro wa PCB uringaniye: 50-200 A
●PCB nini cyangwa umusaruro mwinshi: 200-1000 A cyangwa hejuru yayo
Ibisobanuro bya B.Voltage
⬛Gushyiramo amashanyarazi kuri PCB muri rusange bisaba voltage nke, akenshi iri hagati ya 5-24 V.
⬛Ibisabwa kuri voltage biterwa n'ibintu nko guhangana kw'amazi yo mu bwogero, intera iri hagati y'amashanyarazi, n'ubushobozi bw'amashanyarazi.
⬛Ku bijyanye n'ibikorwa byihariye (urugero, pulse plating), hashobora kuba hakenewe ingano y'amashanyarazi menshi (nk'urugero rwa 30-50 V).
Ingano rusange z'amashanyarazi:
●Gukoresha amashanyarazi asanzwe ya DC: 6-12 V
●Gushyiramo imiyoboro cyangwa uburyo bwihariye: 12-24 V cyangwa hejuru yayo
Ubwoko bw'Ingufu z'Ingufu
●Ingufu za DC: Zikoreshwa mu gushushanya DC electroplating gakondo, zitanga umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi uhamye n'amashanyarazi.
●Ingufu z'amashanyarazi: Zikoreshwa mu gushushanya amashanyarazi, zishobora gusohora imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi ifite frequency nyinshi kugira ngo zirusheho kunoza ubwiza bw'imashini.
●Ingufu zo Guhindura Ingufu Zikoresha Ingufu Zikomeye: Ingufu nyinshi kandi yihuta, zikwiriye ibikenewe mu gushushanya amashanyarazi neza cyane.
C. Ingufu zo Gutanga Ingufu
Ingufu z'amashanyarazi (P) zigenwa n'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi (I) na voltage (V), hamwe na formula: P = I × V.
Urugero, amashanyarazi asohora 100 A kuri 12 V yaba afite imbaraga za 1200 W (1.2 kW).
Ingufu Zisanzwe:
●Ibikoresho bito: 500 W - 2 kW
●Ibikoresho biciriritse: 2 kW - 10 kW
●Ibikoresho binini: 10 kW - 50 kW cyangwa birenga
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gashyantare-13-2025
