Bitewe n’uko ingufu zisukuye n’iterambere rirambye bigenda birushaho kwiyongera ku isi, ingufu za hydrogen, nk’ingufu zitwara neza kandi zisukuye, zigenda zinjira buhoro buhoro mu cyerekezo cy’abantu. Nk’ihuriro ry’ingenzi mu ruhererekane rw’inganda zikoresha ingufu za hydrogen, ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya hydrogen ntirireba gusa umutekano n’ubwizerwe bw’ingufu za hydrogen, ahubwo rinagira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku mikoreshereze yazo n’inyungu z’ubukungu bw’ingufu za hydrogen.
1. Ibisabwa kuri hydrogen y'ibicuruzwa
Hydrogen, nk'ikintu gikoreshwa mu by'imiti n'ingufu, ifite ibisabwa bitandukanye kugira ngo habeho ubuziranenge n'isukura mu buryo butandukanye. Mu gukora amoniya y'ubukorikori, methanol n'ibindi bicuruzwa bya shimi, kugira ngo hirindwe uburozi bwa catalyst no kwemeza ko ibicuruzwa bifite ubuziranenge, sulfide n'ibindi bintu byangiza mu mwuka bigomba gukurwaho mbere y'igihe kugira ngo bigabanye isukura kugira ngo huzuzwe ibisabwa. Mu nganda nka metallurgy, ceramics, ikirahure, na semiconductors, hydrogène ihura n'ibicuruzwa, kandi ibisabwa kugira ngo habeho ubuziranenge n'isukura birakomeye cyane. Urugero, mu nganda za semiconductors, hydrogen ikoreshwa mu bikorwa nko gutegura kristu na substrate, oxidation, annealing, nibindi, bifite imbogamizi nyinshi ku myanda nka ogisijeni, amazi, hydrocarbons zikomeye, sulfide ya hydrogen, nibindi muri hydrogen.
2. Ihame ry'imikorere yo gukura ogisijeni mu mubiri
Mu gihe cy’ibikorwa bya katalisiti, ogisijeni nke muri hydrogen ishobora gukorana na hydrogen ikabyara amazi, bigatuma amazi asohoka. Iyi reaction ni reaction ituruka ku mwuka udasanzwe, kandi ikigereranyo cy’irangizwa ni iki gikurikira:
2H ₂+O ₂ (katalisiti) -2H ₂ O+Q
Kubera ko imiterere, imiterere ya chimique, n'ubwiza bwa catalyst ubwayo bidahinduka mbere na nyuma y'uko ikorwa, catalyst ishobora gukoreshwa buri gihe idasubiramo.
Deoxidizer ifite imiterere ya silindiri y'imbere n'iy'inyuma, aho kataliyeri ishyirwa hagati ya silindiri y'inyuma n'iy'imbere. Igice cy'ubushyuhe bw'amashanyarazi kidaturika gishyirwa imbere muri silindiri y'imbere, kandi hari ibikoresho bibiri by'ubushyuhe biri hejuru no hepfo y'aho kataliyeri ipakira kugira ngo bimenye kandi bigenzure ubushyuhe bw'ihinduka. Sililindiri y'inyuma ipfundikiwe n'urwego rwo gukingira kugira ngo hirindwe gutakaza ubushyuhe no kwirinda gushya. Hydrogen mbisi yinjira muri silindiri y'imbere iturutse hejuru y'aho kataliyeri ijya, ishyushywa n'ikintu gishyushya cy'amashanyarazi, hanyuma inyura mu gice cy'ikataliyeri kuva hasi kugera hejuru. Ogisijeni iri muri hydrogène mbisi ikorana na hydrogène munsi y'igikorwa cya kataliyeri kugira ngo itange amazi. Ogisijeni iri muri hydrogène isohoka mu gice cyo hasi ishobora kugabanuka ikagera munsi ya 1ppm. Amazi akomoka ku ruvange asohoka muri deoxidizer mu buryo bwa gaze hamwe na gazi ya hydrogène, agafatana mu gikoresho gikonjesha hifashishijwe hydrogen, akayungurura mu gitandukanya umwuka n'amazi, hanyuma agasohoka muri sisitemu.
3. Ihame ry'imikorere ry'ubwumire
Kumisha gaze ya hydrogen hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kuyishyiramo, hakoreshejwe utuyunguruzo twa molekile nk'utuyunguruzo. Nyuma yo kumisha, aho gaze ya hydrogen igera ishobora kugera munsi ya -70 ℃. Utuyunguruzo twa molekile ni ubwoko bw'ikintu cya aluminosilicate gifite agace ka cubic, gakora imyobo myinshi ifite ingano imwe imbere nyuma yo kubura amazi kandi gafite ubuso bunini cyane. Utuyunguruzo twa molekile twitwa utuyunguruzo twa molekile kuko dushobora gutandukanya molekile zifite imiterere itandukanye, uburebure, polarities, aho zibira, n'urugero rw'amazi.
Amazi ni molekile ifite imiterere y’impande nyinshi, kandi molekile zifite imiterere y’amazi zikunda cyane amazi. Kwinjira kw’uduce duto tw’amazi ni ukwinjiramo mu buryo bw’umubiri, kandi iyo amazi yuzuye, bifata igihe kugira ngo ashyushye kandi yongere kwinjizwamo mbere yuko yongera kwinjizwamo. Kubwibyo, nibura utumashini tubiri twumisha tuba turi mu gikoresho cyo gusukura, kimwe gikora mu gihe ikindi cyongera kwinjizwamo, kugira ngo hakomeze gukorwa gaze ya hydrogen idahinduka.
Icyuma cyumutsa gifite imiterere ya silindiri y'imbere n'iy'inyuma, hamwe n'agahu gashyirwa hagati ya silindiri y'inyuma n'iy'imbere. Igice gishyushya cy'amashanyarazi kidaturika gishyirwa imbere muri silindiri y'imbere, kandi hari ibikoresho bibiri by'ubushyuhe biri hejuru no hepfo y'agapaki k'urushundura kugira ngo bimenye kandi bigenzure ubushyuhe bw'uburyo ibintu bihinduka. Sililindiri y'inyuma ipfundikiwe n'urwego rwo gukingira kugira ngo hirindwe gutakaza ubushyuhe no kwirinda gutwika. Inzira y'umwuka mu gihe cyo gukurura (harimo n'imiterere y'ibanze n'iy'inyongera) n'igihe cyo kuvugurura birahinduka. Mu gihe cyo gukurura, umuyoboro wo hejuru ni aho gazi isohoka naho umuyoboro wo hasi ni aho gazi isohoka. Mu gihe cyo kuvugurura, umuyoboro wo hejuru ni aho gazi isohoka naho umuyoboro wo hasi ni aho gazi isohoka. Sisitemu yo kumisha ishobora kugabanywamo utumashini tubiri tw'umunara n'utumashini tutatu tw'umunara bitewe n'umubare w'utumashini tw'umunara.
4. Uburyo bwo gukora iminara ibiri
Muri icyo gikoresho hashyirwamo utwuma tubiri, dusimburana kandi tugasubirana mu gihe cy'amasaha 48 kugira ngo igikoresho cyose gikomeze gukora. Nyuma yo kumisha, ikigero cy'ubushyuhe cya hydrogen gishobora kugera munsi ya -60°C. Mu gihe cy'amasaha 48, utwuma A na B bikora kandi bigasubirana, uko bikurikirana.
Mu gihe kimwe cyo guhinduranya, icyuma cyumisha kigira imiterere ibiri: imiterere y'imikorere n'imiterere yo kongera kuvugurura.
·Imyifatire yo kongera kuvugurura: Ingano ya gaze itunganywa ni ingano yuzuye ya gaze. Ingano yo kongera kuvugurura irimo icyiciro cyo gushyushya n'icyiciro cyo gukonjesha gishyuha;
1) Icyiciro cyo gushyushya – icyuma cyuma kiri imbere mu cyuma gikora, kandi kigahagarika gushyushya mu buryo bwikora iyo ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bugeze ku gipimo cyagenwe cyangwa igihe cyo gushyushya kigeze ku gipimo cyagenwe;
2) Icyiciro cyo gukonjesha – Nyuma y’uko icyuma cyuma gihagarika gushyuha, umwuka ukomeza gutembera mu cyuma cyuma mu nzira yacyo ya mbere kugira ngo gikonje kugeza igihe icyuma cyuma gihindukiye ku buryo bwo gukora.
·Imiterere y'akazi: Ingano y'umwuka utunganywa iri ku bushobozi bwuzuye, kandi icyuma gishyushya kiri mu cyuma cyumisha ntigikora.
5. Imikorere y'iminara itatu
Muri iki gihe, uburyo bwo kumisha bukoresha iminara itatu bukoreshwa cyane. Muri icyo gikoresho hashyizweho utumashini tw'umurinzi dutatu, dufite utumashini duto two kumisha (utuyunguruzo twa molekuli) dufite ubushobozi bwo kumisha amazi menshi kandi turwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi. Utumashini tw'umurinzi dutatu dusimburana hagati yo gukora, kongera kuvugurura no kumisha amazi kugira ngo igikoresho cyose gikomeze gukora. Nyuma yo kumisha, ikigero cy'umurinzi wa hydrogen gishobora kugera munsi ya -70 ℃.
Mu gihe cyo guhinduranya ibintu, icyuma cyumisha kinyura mu byiciro bitatu: gukora, kuvoma no kongera kuvugurura. Kuri buri cyiciro, icyuma cyumisha cya mbere aho gazi mbisi ya hydrogen yinjira nyuma yo gukura ogisijeni, gukonjesha no kuyungurura amazi kiba kiri:
1) Imiterere y'akazi: Ingano ya gaze itunganywa yuzuye, icyuma gishyushya kiri mu cyuma ntigikora, kandi igikoresho gikoreshwa ni gaze mbisi ya hydrogen itarashira amazi;
Injira ya kabiri yumutsa icyuma iherereye kuri:
2) Imiterere yo kongera kuvugurura: 20% by'ingano ya gaze: Imiterere yo kongera kuvugurura irimo icyiciro cyo gushyushya n'icyiciro cyo gukonjesha gishyuha;
Icyiciro cyo gushyushya – icyuma gishyushya kiri mu cyuma cyumisha gikora, kandi kigahagarika gushyushya mu buryo bwikora iyo ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bugeze ku gipimo cyagenwe cyangwa igihe cyo gushyushya kigeze ku gipimo cyagenwe;
Icyiciro cyo gukonjesha – Nyuma y’uko icyuma cyuma gihagaritse gushyuha, umwuka ukomeza gutembera mu cyuma cyuma mu nzira yacyo ya mbere kugira ngo gikonje kugeza igihe icyuma cyuma gihindukiye ku buryo bwo gukora; Iyo icyuma cyuma kiri mu cyiciro cyo kongera kuvugurura, icyuma gica amazi mu mwuka wa hydrogen wumye;
Injira ya gatatu yumutsa icyuma iherereye kuri:
3) Imiterere y'ingufu zikoreshwa mu gutunganya gazi: Ingano ya gazi ni 20%, icyuma gishyushya kiri mu cyuma ntigikora, kandi igikoresho gikoreshwa mu gutunganya gazi ni hydrogen kugira ngo ivugurure.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza 19-2024
