Gusukura amashanyarazi

Mu buryo bwagutse, okiside y'amashanyarazi yerekeza ku gikorwa cyose cya electrochimie, kigizwe n'ibikorwa bya electrochimie bitaziguye cyangwa bitaziguye biba kuri electrode hashingiwe ku mahame yo kugabanya okiside. Ibi bikorwa bigamije kugabanya cyangwa gukuraho imyanda iva mu mazi yanduye.

Mu buryo buto, okiside y'amashanyarazi yerekeza cyane cyane ku nzira ya anode. Muri iyi nzira, umuti cyangwa isubika rya organic byinjizwa mu ngirabuzimafatizo ya electrolytic, kandi binyuze mu gukoresha umuriro utaziguye, electron zikurwa kuri anode, bigatuma okiside y'ibintu bikomoka ku bimera. Ubundi buryo, ibyuma bifite valence nke bishobora okiside muri iyoni z'ibyuma bifite valence nyinshi kuri anode, hanyuma bikagira uruhare mu okiside y'ibintu bikomoka ku bimera. Ubusanzwe, amatsinda amwe n'amwe y'imikorere mu bintu bikomoka ku bimera agaragaza imikorere ya electrochemical. Bitewe n'imbaraga z'amashanyarazi, imiterere y'aya matsinda y'imikorere irahinduka, igahindura imiterere ya chemical y'ibintu bikomoka ku bimera, ikagabanya uburozi bwabyo, kandi ikarushaho kwangirika kw'ibinyabuzima.

Gukuraho imyanda hakoreshejwe amashanyarazi bishobora gushyirwa mu byiciro bibiri: gusohora imyanda mu buryo butaziguye n'ugusohora imyanda mu buryo butaziguye. Gusohora imyanda mu buryo butaziguye (electrolysis itaziguye) bikubiyemo gukuraho imyanda mu mazi yanduye mu buryo butaziguye binyuze mu kuyashyira kuri electrode. Ubu buryo burimo inzira za anode na cathodic. Uburyo bwa anode bukubiyemo gusohora imyanda mu buryo butaziguye ku buso bwa anode, bigahinduka ibintu cyangwa ibintu bidafite uburozi bwinshi bishobora kubora, bityo bikagabanya cyangwa bigakuraho imyanda. Uburyo bwa cathodic bukubiyemo kugabanya imyanda ku buso bwa cathode kandi bukoreshwa cyane cyane mu kugabanya no gukuraho halogenated hydrocarbons no kugarura ibyuma biremereye.

Uburyo bwa cathodic bushobora kandi kwitwa kugabanya electrochemical. Bukubiyemo kwimura electron kugira ngo zigabanye iyoni z'ibyuma biremereye nka Cr6+ na Hg2+ mu miterere yazo yo hasi ya oxidation. Byongeye kandi, bushobora kugabanya ibintu by'umwimerere bya chlorine, bugahinduramo ibintu bidafite uburozi bwinshi cyangwa bitari uburozi, amaherezo bukanongera ubushobozi bwabyo bwo kwangirika:

R-Cl + H+ + e → RH + Cl-

Guhindura umwuka mu buryo butaziguye (electrolysis itaziguye) bikubiyemo gukoresha ibintu bigabanya umwuka cyangwa ibigabanya umwuka bivangwa n'amashanyarazi nk'ibitera imbaraga cyangwa ibitera imbaraga kugira ngo bihindure imyanda mo ibintu bidafite uburozi bwinshi. Guhindura umwuka mu buryo butaziguye bishobora gushyirwa mu byiciro by'imikorere ishobora guhinduka no gusubira inyuma. Ibikorwa bishobora guhinduka (guhindura umwuka mu buryo buhuza n'amashanyarazi) bikubiyemo kuvugurura no kongera gukoresha ubwoko bwa redox mu gihe cy'imikorere ya electrochemical. Ku rundi ruhande, ibikorwa bidahinduka bikoresha ibintu biva mu bikorwa bya electrochemical bidahinduka, nk'ibintu bikomeye bigabanya umwuka nka Cl2, chlorate, hypochlorites, H2O2, na O3, kugira ngo bikuremo ibintu bikomoka ku bimera. Ibikorwa bidahinduka bishobora kandi gukora ibintu bigabanya umwuka mu buryo bukabije, harimo electrons zishongeshejwe, ·HO radicals, ·HO2 radicals (hydroperoxyl radicals), na ·O2 radicals (superoxide anions), bishobora gukoreshwa mu kwangiza no gukuraho imyanda nka cyanide, phenols, COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), na S2- ions, amaherezo bigahinduka ibintu bitagize ingaruka mbi.

Mu gihe cy’ingufu zikomoka ku ruhu (oxidation) zitica (direct anodic oxidation), ingano nto y’ibinyabutabire bishobora kugabanya ingaruka z’ubuso bw’amashanyarazi bitewe n’imbogamizi zo kohereza ibintu mu buryo bw’umuvuduko, mu gihe iyi nzitizi idahari ku birebana n’ingufu zikomoka ku ruhu. Mu gihe cy’ingufu zikomoka ku ruhu (oxidation) zitica (direct oxidation) haba mu buryo butaziguye cyangwa butaziguye, ingaruka z’ingufu zikomoka ku ruhu zirimo ikorwa rya gaze ya H2 cyangwa O2 zishobora kubaho, ariko izi ngaruka zishobora kugenzurwa binyuze mu guhitamo ibikoresho bya electrode no kugenzura ubushobozi bwazo.

Byagaragaye ko ogisijeni y'amashanyarazi ari ingirakamaro mu kuvura amazi yanduye hakoreshejwe ingano nini y'ibinyabuzima, ibintu bigoye, ibintu byinshi birwanya, ndetse n'amabara menshi. Mu gukoresha anode zifite imikorere ya electrochemical, ubu buryo bushobora gukora neza radicals za hydroxyl oxidative cyane. Iyi nzira ituma imyanda ihoraho ya organic ihinduka ibintu bitari uburozi, bishobora kubora ndetse n'ubutare bwayo bwose bukahinduka ibintu nka dioxyde de carbone cyangwa carbonates.