1. Ubushobozi bwo gukwirakwiza
Ubushobozi bw'igisubizo runaka bwo kugera ku gukwirakwira gukomeye kw'ipamba kuri electrode (ubusanzwe ni cathode) mu bihe runaka ugereranije n'ikwirakwizwa ry'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi rya mbere. Bizwi kandi nk'ubushobozi bwo gupfuka.
2. Ubushobozi bwo gupfunyika mu buryo bwimbitse:
Ubushobozi bw'igikoresho cyo gupfuka icyuma mu gushyiramo irangi ku miyoboro cyangwa mu myobo miremire mu bihe runaka.
3 Gukoresha amashanyarazi:
Ni inzira yo gukoresha umuraba runaka w’amashanyarazi make kugira ngo unyure mu gikoresho nk’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi uri muri electrolyte irimo iyoni y’icyuma runaka. Ni inzira yo kubona electroni muri iyoni z’icyuma no kuzishyira mu cyuma buri gihe kuri iyoni.
4 Ubucucike bw'ubukonje:
Ubukana bw'umuriro bunyura muri electrode y'agace k'igice gisanzwe bukunze kugaragara muri A/dm2.
5 Imikorere myiza igezweho:
Igipimo cy'uburemere nyakuri bw'umusaruro gikozwe n'ingaruka ku muyoboro w'amashanyarazi ugereranije n'ingano yawo ya electrode iyo unyuze mu gipimo cy'amashanyarazi gikunze kugaragazwa nk'ijanisha.
Katode 6:
Electrode ikora kugira ngo ibone electron, ni ukuvuga electrode ikora reaction yo kugabanya.
Anode 7:
Electrode ishobora kwakira electron ziturutse kuri reactants, ni ukuvuga electrode inyura mu bikorwa bya oxidation.
10 Gusiga irangi rya Katodike:
Igipfukisho cy'icyuma gifite agaciro ka aljebrake kari hejuru y'ubushobozi bwa electrode kurusha icyuma cy'ibanze.
11 Igitambaro cya Anodike:
Igipfukisho cy'icyuma gifite agaciro ka aljebra y'ubushobozi bwa electrode ntoya ugereranyije n'icyuma cy'ibanze.
12 Igipimo cy'imikurire y'amacandwe:
Ubunini bw'icyuma bushyirwa ku buso bw'igice mu gihe runaka. Ubusanzwe bugaragazwa muri mikorometero mu isaha.
13 Gukoresha:
Uburyo bwo gutuma ubuso bw'icyuma butagira ishusho bushira.
14 Gushyira mu gaciro;
Mu bihe bimwe na bimwe by’ibidukikije, uburyo busanzwe bwo gushonga kw’ubuso bw’icyuma burabangamirwa cyane kandi biba mu bwoko butandukanye bw’ubushobozi bwa electrode.
Ingaruka zo kugabanya igipimo cy'imikorere y'icyuma ku rugero rwo hasi cyane.
15 Kugabanuka kwa hydrogen:
Ubukonje buterwa no kwinjiza atome za hydrogen mu byuma cyangwa alloys mu gihe cy'ibikorwa nko gukata, gukuraho amavuta, cyangwa gukoresha electroplating.
Agaciro ka 16 PH:
Logarithm mbi ikoreshwa cyane y'ibikorwa bya iyoni ya hydrogen.
17 Ibikoresho bya Matrix;
Igikoresho gishobora gushyiramo icyuma cyangwa kikarema urwego rwa firime.
18 Anode z'inyongera:
Uretse anode isanzwe ikenerwa mu gushushanya hakoreshejwe amashanyarazi, anode y'inyongera ikoreshwa mu kunoza uburyo umuriro ukwirakwira ku buso bw'igice gishushanyije.
19 Kathode y'inyongera:
Kugira ngo hakurweho uduce duto cyangwa ubushyuhe bushobora kubaho mu bice bimwe na bimwe by'igice gipfundikiye bitewe n'ubwinshi bw'imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi, hongerwaho imiterere runaka ya cathode hafi y'icyo gice kugira ngo ikoreshe igice cy'amashanyarazi. Iyi cathode y'inyongera yitwa cathode yunganira.
20 Polarization ya Katodike:
Ni ikintu aho ubushobozi bwa cathode butandukana n'ubushobozi bwo kuringaniza ibintu (equilibrium potential) maze bugaca mu cyerekezo kibi iyo umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi unyuze muri electrode.
21 Ikwirakwizwa ry'ibanze ry'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi:
Ikwirakwizwa ry'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi ku buso bwa electrode mu gihe nta polarisation ya electrode.
22 Gukoresha imiti mu buryo bwa "passivation";
Uburyo bwo gutunganya igikoresho mu gikoresho kirimo ogisijeni kugira ngo kibeho urwego rworoshye cyane rwo gufunga hejuru, rukora nk'urupapuro rurinda.
23 Okiside y'ibinyabutabire:
Uburyo bwo gukora firime ya okiside ku buso bw'icyuma binyuze mu kuvura imiti.
24 Okiside y'amashanyarazi (anodizing):
Uburyo bwo gukora firime irinda, ishariza, cyangwa indi firime ikora ya okiside ku buso bw'igice cy'icyuma hakoreshejwe electrolysis muri electrolyte runaka, hamwe n'igice cy'icyuma nk'anode.
25 Impact electroplating:
Umuyaga mwinshi uhita unyura mu nzira y'umuyaga.
26 Filimi yo guhindura ibintu;
Agace k'ubuso ka mask y'uruso karimo icyuma cyakozwe n'imiti cyangwa amashanyarazi mu kuvura icyuma.
27 Icyuma gihinduka ubururu:
Uburyo bwo gushyushya ibice by'icyuma mu kirere cyangwa kubyinjiza mu gikoresho gishyushya kugira ngo habeho agace gato ka oxide hejuru, gakunze kuba ubururu (umukara).
28 Fosfeti:
Uburyo bwo gukora firime irinda fosifeti idashonga ku buso bw'ibice by'icyuma.
29 Polarization y'amashanyarazi:
Mu gihe cy’imikorere y’amashanyarazi, igipimo cy’imikorere y’amashanyarazi kuri electrode kiba kiri hasi ugereranyije n’umuvuduko wa electron zitangwa n’isoko ry’ingufu zo hanze, bigatuma habaho impinduka mbi ndetse no kwangirika kw’amashanyarazi.
30 Polarization y'ibipimo by'ingufu:
Polarization iterwa n'itandukaniro ry'ubwinshi hagati y'urwego rw'amazi hafi y'ubuso bwa electrode n'ubujyakuzimu bw'umuti.
31 Gukuraho amavuta mu mubiri:
Uburyo bwo gukuraho ibizinga by'amavuta ku buso bw'igikoresho hakoreshejwe saponification na emulsification mu gisubizo cya alkaline.
32 Gukuraho amavuta ya Electrolytic:
Uburyo bwo gukuraho ibizinga by'amavuta ku buso bw'igikoresho mu gikoresho cya alkaline, hakoreshejwe igikoresho nk'anode cyangwa cathode, hakoreshejwe amashanyarazi.
33 Isohora urumuri:
Uburyo bwo kwinika icyuma mu gikoresho mu gihe gito kugira ngo habeho ubuso burabagirana.
34 Gusukura imashini:
Uburyo bwo gutunganya ibyuma hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa mekanike bwo kunoza ubwiza bw'ibice by'icyuma hakoreshejwe uruziga ruzunguruka rw'umuvuduko rusizweho ifu yo gusiga.
35 Gukuraho amavuta mu buryo bw'umwimerere:
Uburyo bwo gukoresha imiti ihumanya ikirere kugira ngo ukureho ibizinga by'amavuta ku buso bw'ibice.
36 Gukuraho Hydrogen:
Gushyushya ibice by'icyuma ku bushyuhe runaka cyangwa gukoresha ubundi buryo kugira ngo hakurweho inzira yo kwinjiza hydrogen mu cyuma mu gihe cyo gukora electroplating.
37 Gukuraho ibintu:
Uburyo bwo gukuraho irangi ku buso bw'igice.
38 Gukata ibintu mu buryo budakomeye:
Mbere yo gutwikira, igikorwa cyo gukuraho agapira gato cyane ka okiside ku buso bw'ibice by'icyuma mu gisubizo runaka cy'ibice no gukora ku buso.
39 Isuri ikomeye:
Shyiramo ibice by'icyuma mu buryo bworoshye kandi bushyushye kugira ngo ukureho ingese ya okiside mu bice by'icyuma.
Uburyo bwo gusukura.
Amasakoshi 40 ya Anode:
Isakoshi ikozwe mu ipamba cyangwa mu mwenda w’ubukorikori ishyirwa kuri anode kugira ngo hirindwe ko ifu ya anode yinjira mu gisubizo.
41 Uburyo bwo gukabya:
Inyongeramusaruro zikoreshwa mu kubona irangi ryiza muri electrolytes.
42 Surfactants:
Ni ikintu gishobora kugabanya cyane imbaraga zo hagati y’urusobe rw’umubiri nubwo cyaba cyongewemo ku gipimo gito cyane.
43 Emulsifier;
Ni ikintu gishobora kugabanya imbaraga hagati y’ibintu bidafite amazi bivanze no gukora emulsion.
44 Umukozi ushinzwe gukingira:
Ikintu gishobora gukora ihuriro ry’ibintu bifite iyoni z’icyuma cyangwa ibintu birimo iyoni z’icyuma.
45 Urusobe rw'ubushyuhe:
Urusobe rw'ibikoresho bishyirwa ku gice runaka cya electrode cyangwa igikoresho kugira ngo ubuso bw'icyo gice budatwara amazi.
46 Uburyo bwo kogosha:
Ikintu gishobora kugabanya ubukana bw'urusobe rw'ibikoresho hagati y'ibikoresho n'umuti, bigatuma ubuso bw'ibikoresho butose byoroshye.
Inyongeramusaruro 47:
Inyongera nke ziri mu gisubizo zishobora kunoza imikorere y'amashanyarazi cyangwa ireme ry'igisubizo.
48 Ihuriro ry'amakuru:
Ni ikintu gishobora kugumana agaciro ka pH gahoraho k'umuti mu rugero runaka.
49 Kathode yimuka:
Cathode ikoresha igikoresho cya mekanike kugira ngo itere intambwe hagati y'igice gipfundikiye n'inkingi y'inkingi.
50 Filimi y'amazi idakomeza gusohoka:
Ubusanzwe ikoreshwa mu kunywesha amazi mu buryo butari bwiza bitewe n'ubwandu bw'amazi ku buso, bigatuma amazi adakomeza kugaragara.
51 Ubwinshi bw'amabara:
Umubare w'imyobo y'ingobyi kuri buri gice cy'ubuso.
Uduce 52 tw'imirongo:
Utunyangingo duto duturuka ku buso bw'igitambaro kugeza ku gitambaro cyo munsi cyangwa icyuma gikozwe mu cyuma giterwa n'imbogamizi mu mikorere y'amashanyarazi ahantu hamwe na hamwe ku buso bwa cathode, ibyo bigatuma igitambaro kidashyirwa aho hantu, mu gihe igitambaro gikikije gikomeza kwiyongera.
53 Ihinduka ry'ibara:
Impinduka mu ibara ry'ubuso bw'icyuma cyangwa irangi riterwa no kwangirika (nk'ubwijime, guhinduka ibara, nibindi).
54 Imbaraga zo gufatanya:
Imbaraga z'isano riri hagati y'igitambaro n'ibikoresho bya substrate. Bishobora gupimwa hakoreshejwe imbaraga zisabwa kugira ngo hatandukanye igitambaro n'igitambaro.
55 Gukuramo ibishishwa:
Uburyo irangi rivanwa ku bikoresho bya substrate mu buryo bumeze nk'urupapuro.
56 Igitambaro gisa n'ikibabi:
Ibice by'amazi birekuye kandi bifite imyenge bibaho mu gihe cyo gushyiramo amashanyarazi bitafatanye neza n'ibikoresho bya substrate.
57 Igitambaro cyahiye:
Ivumbi ryijimye, rigoye, ridafite ubuziranenge cyangwa ridafite ubuziranenge rikozwe munsi y'umugezi mwinshi, akenshi rigizwe
Okiside cyangwa indi myanda.
Utudomo 58:
Utwobo duto cyangwa imyobo igaragara ku byuma mu gihe cyo gusigwa no kwangirika.
Imiterere 59 yo gusiga irangi:
Ubushobozi bw'ubuso bw'igitambaro bwo gutoseshwa n'icyuma gishongeshejwe.
60 Ipfundo rikomeye rya chrome:
Bivuga gusiga imiterere y’uruti rw’umuhondo rwa chromium ku bikoresho bitandukanye bya substrate. Mu by’ukuri, ubukana bwarwo ntibukomeye kurusha imiterere y’uruti rw’umuhondo rwa chromium, kandi iyo imiterere idasa neza, iba yoroshye kurusha imiterere y’uruti rw’umuhondo rwa chromium. Byitwa plating ikomeye ya chromium kuko imiterere yarwo ikomeye ishobora kugira ubukana bwinshi no kudashira.
T: Ubumenyi bw'ibanze n'amagambo akoreshwa mu gushushanya hakoreshejwe amashanyarazi
D: Ubushobozi bw'igisubizo runaka bwo kugera ku gukwirakwira gukomeye kw'ipamba kuri electrode (ubusanzwe ni cathode) mu bihe runaka ugereranije n'ikwirakwizwa ry'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi rya mbere. Bizwi kandi nk'ubushobozi bwo gushyiramo ipamba
K: Gukoresha amashanyarazi
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza-20-2024
