Ibyerekeranye nigisekuru kizaza ingufu hydrogene

Tuzamenyekanisha "hydrogen", ibisekuruza bizaza bitagira aho bibogamiye. Hydrogen igabanijwemo ubwoko butatu: “hydrogène yicyatsi”, “hydrogène yubururu” na “hydrogen hydrogen”, buri kimwe gifite uburyo butandukanye bwo gukora. Tuzasobanura kandi buri buryo bwo gukora, ibintu bifatika nkibintu, kubika / uburyo bwo gutwara, nuburyo bwo gukoresha. Kandi nzanamenyekanisha impamvu ari ibisekuru bizaza byiganjemo ingufu.

Electrolysis y'amazi kugirango itange hydrogène y'icyatsi

Iyo ukoresheje hydrogen, ni ngombwa "kubyara hydrogen" uko byagenda kose. Inzira yoroshye ni "amazi ya electrolyze". Birashoboka ko wakoze mubumenyi bwishuri. Uzuza inzoga amazi na electrode mumazi. Iyo bateri ihujwe na electrode ikongerwamo ingufu, reaction zikurikira zibaho mumazi no muri buri electrode.
Kuri cathode, H + na electron zishyize hamwe zitanga gaze ya hydrogen, mugihe anode itanga ogisijeni. Nubwo bimeze bityo, ubu buryo ni bwiza kubushakashatsi bwa siyanse yishuri, ariko kubyara hydrogène mu nganda, uburyo bunoze bukwiye kubyara umusaruro munini bigomba gutegurwa. Nibyo "polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolysis".
Muri ubu buryo, polymer semipermeable membrane ituma inzira ya hydrogène ion itambuka hagati ya anode na cathode. Iyo amazi asutswe muri anode yigikoresho, ion ya hydrogène ikorwa na electrolysis inyura mumyanya ndende igana kuri cathode, aho iba hydrogene ya molekile. Ku rundi ruhande, ion ya ogisijeni ntishobora kunyura muri semipermeable membrane hanyuma igahinduka molekile ya ogisijeni kuri anode.
Muri electrolysis y'amazi ya alkaline, urema hydrogène na ogisijeni utandukanya anode na cathode ukoresheje itandukanya unyuramo ion hydroxide gusa. Mubyongeyeho, hariho uburyo bwinganda nkubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwa electrolysis.
Mugukora ibyo bikorwa murwego runini, hydrogene nyinshi irashobora kuboneka. Muri icyo gikorwa, hakorwa kandi umubare munini wa ogisijeni (igice cya kabiri cya hydrogène yakozwe), ku buryo bitagira ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije biramutse bisohotse mu kirere. Nyamara, electrolysis isaba amashanyarazi menshi, bityo hydrogène idafite karubone irashobora kubyazwa umusaruro iyo ikozwe namashanyarazi adakoresha ibicanwa bya fosile, nka turbine yumuyaga hamwe nizuba.
Urashobora kubona "hydrogène y'icyatsi" ukoresheje amashanyarazi ukoresheje ingufu zisukuye.

Hariho na generator ya hydrogène yo kubyara umusaruro munini wa hydrogène y'icyatsi. Ukoresheje PEM mu gice cya electrolyzer, hydrogen irashobora kubyara ubudahwema.

Hydrogen yubururu Yakozwe mu bicanwa bya fosili

None, ni ubuhe buryo bundi bwo gukora hydrogen? Hydrogen ibaho mu bicanwa nka gaze gasanzwe hamwe namakara nkibindi bintu bitari amazi. Kurugero, tekereza kuri metani (CH4), igice cyingenzi cya gaze gasanzwe. Hano hari atom enye za hydrogen. Urashobora kubona hydrogen ukuramo iyi hydrogen hanze.
Kimwe muri ibyo ni inzira yitwa "kuvugurura methane ivugurura" ikoresha amavuta. Imiti yimiti yubu buryo nuburyo bukurikira.
Nkuko mubibona, monoxyde de carbone na hydrogen birashobora gukurwa muri molekile imwe ya metani.
Muri ubu buryo, hydrogène irashobora kubyazwa umusaruro binyuze muri "kuvugurura amavuta" na "pyrolysis" ya gaze gasanzwe namakara. “Hydrogen yubururu” bivuga hydrogène ikorwa muri ubu buryo.
Muri iki gihe ariko, karubone monoxide na karuboni ya dioxyde de carbone ikorwa nkibicuruzwa. Ugomba rero kubisubiramo mbere yuko bisohoka mu kirere. Dioxyde de carbone ikomoka ku bicuruzwa, iyo itagaruwe, ihinduka gaze ya hydrogène, izwi nka “hydrogen hydrogen”.

Ni ubuhe bwoko bwa Element Hydrogen?

Hydrogen ifite numero ya atome ya 1 kandi nikintu cya mbere kumeza yigihe.
Umubare wa atome ni munini cyane mu isanzure, uhwanye na 90% by'ibintu byose biri mu isanzure. Atome ntoya igizwe na proton na electron ni hydrogen atom.
Hydrogen ifite isotopi ebyiri hamwe na neutron zifatanije na nucleus. “Deuterium” imwe ya neutron hamwe na “tritium” ebyiri za neutron. Ibi kandi nibikoresho byo kubyara amashanyarazi.
Imbere yinyenyeri nkizuba, habaho guhuza ingufu za kirimbuzi kuva hydrogène kugera kuri helium, bikaba isoko yingufu zinyenyeri kumurika.
Nyamara, hydrogène ni gake ibaho nka gaze kwisi. Hydrogen ikora ibice hamwe nibindi bintu nkamazi, metani, ammonia na Ethanol. Kubera ko hydrogène ari ikintu cyoroheje, uko ubushyuhe buzamuka, umuvuduko wo kugenda wa molekile ya hydrogène uriyongera, kandi ugahunga kuva uburemere bwisi ukagera mu kirere.

Nigute ushobora gukoresha hydrogen? Koresha Kumuriro

None, ni gute "hydrogen", yakwegereye isi yose nkisoko yingufu zizakurikiraho? Ikoreshwa muburyo bubiri bwingenzi: "gutwika" na "selile selile". Reka duhere ku gukoresha "gutwika".
Hariho ubwoko bubiri bwingenzi bwo gutwika bwakoreshejwe.
Iya mbere ni nka peteroli. Roketi yo mu Buyapani H-IIA ikoresha gaze ya hydrogène “hydrogène y'amazi” na “ogisijeni y'amazi” nayo iri muri kirogenike nka lisansi. Izi zombi zahujwe, kandi ingufu zubushyuhe zakozwe muricyo gihe zihutisha inshinge za molekile zamazi zabyaye, ziguruka mukirere. Ariko, kubera ko ari moteri igoye tekinike, usibye Ubuyapani, gusa Amerika, Uburayi, Uburusiya, Ubushinwa n'Ubuhinde byahujije aya mavuta neza.
Iya kabiri ni kubyara ingufu. Amashanyarazi ya gaz turbine nayo akoresha uburyo bwo guhuza hydrogen na ogisijeni kugirango bitange ingufu. Muyandi magambo, nuburyo bwo kureba ingufu zumuriro zakozwe na hydrogen. Mu mashanyarazi yubushyuhe, ubushyuhe buturuka ku gutwika amakara, amavuta na gaze karemano bitanga amavuta atwara turbine. Niba hydrogène ikoreshwa nkisoko yubushyuhe, urugomero rwamashanyarazi ruzaba rutabogamye.

Nigute ushobora gukoresha hydrogen? Byakoreshejwe nka selile ya lisansi

Ubundi buryo bwo gukoresha hydrogen ni selile ya lisansi, ihindura hydrogene mumashanyarazi. By'umwihariko, Toyota yerekeje ibitekerezo mu Buyapani mu kwamagana ibinyabiziga bikomoka kuri hydrogène aho kuba ibinyabiziga by'amashanyarazi (EV) nk'ikindi kinyabiziga cya lisansi mu rwego rwo guhangana n’ubushyuhe ku isi.
By'umwihariko, dukora inzira zinyuranye mugihe dutangije uburyo bwo gukora "hydrogène green". Imiti yimiti nkiyi ikurikira.
Hydrogen irashobora kubyara amazi (amazi ashyushye cyangwa amavuta) mugihe itanga amashanyarazi, kandi irashobora gusuzumwa kuko idashyira umutwaro kubidukikije. Kurundi ruhande, ubu buryo bufite ubushobozi buke bwo gutanga ingufu zingana na 30-40%, kandi busaba platine nkumusemburo, bityo bisaba kongera ibiciro.
Kugeza ubu, dukoresha polymer electrolyte selile (PEFC) hamwe na selile ya fosifori (PAFC). By'umwihariko, ibinyabiziga bitwara lisansi bikoresha PEFC, bityo birashobora guteganijwe gukwirakwira mugihe kizaza.

Kubika Hydrogen no gutwara abantu bifite umutekano?

Kugeza ubu, twibwira ko wumva uburyo gaze ya hydrogen ikorwa kandi ikoreshwa. Nigute ushobora kubika iyi hydrogen? Nigute wabigeraho aho ukeneye? Tuvuge iki ku mutekano muri kiriya gihe? Tuzasobanura.
Mubyukuri, hydrogen nayo nikintu kibi cyane. Mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20, twakoresheje hydrogène nka gaze mu kureremba imipira, imipira, hamwe n'indege zo mu kirere kuko byari byoroshye cyane. Icyakora, ku ya 6 Gicurasi 1937, i New Jersey, muri Amerika, habaye “iturika ry'indege Hindenburg”.
Kuva impanuka, byamenyekanye hose ko gaze ya hydrogène iteje akaga. Cyane cyane iyo ifashe umuriro, izaturika cyane na ogisijeni. Kubwibyo, "irinde ogisijeni" cyangwa "wirinde ubushyuhe" ni ngombwa.
Nyuma yo gufata izi ngamba, twazanye uburyo bwo kohereza.
Hydrogen ni gaze mubushyuhe bwicyumba, nubwo rero ikiri gaze, nini cyane. Uburyo bwa mbere nugukoresha umuvuduko mwinshi no kwikuramo nka silinderi mugihe ukora ibinyobwa bya karubone. Tegura ikigega kidasanzwe cyumuvuduko mwinshi hanyuma ubibike mubihe byumuvuduko mwinshi nka 45Mpa.
Toyota, iteza imbere ibinyabiziga bitwara lisansi (FCV), irimo gukora ikigega cya hydrogène y’umuvuduko ukabije ushobora kwihanganira umuvuduko wa MPa 70.
Ubundi buryo ni ugukonja kugeza kuri -253 ° C kugirango ukore hydrogène y'amazi, hanyuma ubike kandi ubitware mu bigega bidasanzwe byashyizwemo ubushyuhe. Kimwe na LNG (gazi isanzwe) iyo gaze gasanzwe itumizwa mu mahanga, hydrogène irasukurwa mugihe cyo gutwara, bikagabanya ubunini bwayo kugeza kuri 1/800 cya leta ya gaze. Muri 2020, twarangije gutwara hydrogène yambere ya mbere kwisi. Nyamara, ubu buryo ntibukwiriye ibinyabiziga bitwara lisansi kuko bisaba imbaraga nyinshi kugirango bikonje.
Hariho uburyo bwo kubika no kohereza mu bigega nkibi, ariko tunatezimbere ubundi buryo bwo kubika hydrogen.
Uburyo bwo kubika ni ugukoresha hydrogen ibika. Hydrogen ifite umutungo wo gucengera ibyuma no kuyangirika. Ninama yiterambere yatejwe imbere muri Amerika muri za 1960. JJ Reilly n'abandi. Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko hydrogen ishobora kubikwa no kurekurwa hifashishijwe amavuta ya magnesium na vanadium.
Nyuma yibyo, yateje imbere ibintu nka palladium, ishobora gukuramo hydrogen inshuro 935 ubwinshi bwayo.
Ibyiza byo gukoresha iyi mavuta ni uko ishobora gukumira impanuka za hydrogène (cyane cyane impanuka ziturika). Kubwibyo, irashobora kubikwa neza no gutwarwa. Ariko, niba utitonze ukayirekera ahantu habi, amavuta yo kubika hydrogène arashobora kurekura gaze ya hydrogène mugihe runaka. Nibyiza, n'akantu gato gashobora gutera impanuka iturika, witonde rero.
Ifite kandi imbogamizi zisubiramo hydrogène inshuro nyinshi hamwe na desorption biganisha ku kwinjiza no kugabanya umuvuduko wa hydrogène.
Ibindi ni ugukoresha imiyoboro. Hariho ibisabwa ko bigomba kuba bidahagaritswe kandi n’umuvuduko muke kugirango wirinde kwinjiza imiyoboro, ariko ibyiza ni uko imiyoboro ya gaze ihari ishobora gukoreshwa. Gazi ya Tokiyo yakoze imirimo yo kubaka kuri Harumi FLAG, ikoresha imiyoboro ya gazi yo mu mujyi kugirango itange hydrogene mu ngirabuzimafatizo.

Sosiyete izaza yashizweho ningufu za hydrogen

Hanyuma, reka dusuzume uruhare hydrogen ishobora kugira muri societe.
Icy'ingenzi turashaka guteza imbere societe itagira karubone, dukoresha hydrogene kugirango tubyare amashanyarazi aho kuba ingufu zubushyuhe.
Aho kugirango amashanyarazi manini yubushyuhe, ingo zimwe zashyizeho sisitemu nka ENE-FARM, ikoresha hydrogène yabonetse muguhindura gaze karemano kugirango itange amashanyarazi asabwa. Ariko, ikibazo cyicyo gukora hamwe nibicuruzwa biva mubikorwa byo kuvugurura biracyahari.

Mu bihe biri imbere, niba ikwirakwizwa rya hydrogène ubwaryo ryiyongereye, nko kongera umubare w’ibitoro bya hydrogène, bizashoboka gukoresha amashanyarazi udasohoye dioxyde de carbone. Amashanyarazi atanga hydrogène y'icyatsi, birumvikana rero ko ikoresha amashanyarazi akomoka ku zuba cyangwa umuyaga. Imbaraga zikoreshwa muri electrolysis zigomba kuba imbaraga zo guhagarika ingufu zamashanyarazi cyangwa kwishyuza bateri yumuriro mugihe hari ingufu zisaga zituruka kumbaraga karemano. Muyandi magambo, hydrogen iri mumwanya umwe na bateri yumuriro. Niba ibi bibaye, amaherezo bizashoboka kugabanya ingufu z'amashanyarazi. Umunsi moteri yo gutwika imbere ibura mumodoka iregereje.

Hydrogen irashobora kandi kuboneka binyuze muyindi nzira. Mubyukuri, hydrogen iracyari ibicuruzwa biva muri soda ya caustic. Mubindi bintu, nibicuruzwa bivamo umusaruro wa kokiya mugukora ibyuma. Niba ushize hydrogene mugukwirakwiza, uzashobora kubona amasoko menshi. Gazi ya hydrogen ikorwa murubu buryo nayo itangwa na sitasiyo ya hydrogen.

Reka turebe kure ejo hazaza. Ingano yingufu yatakaye nayo nikibazo nuburyo bwo kohereza bukoresha insinga mugutanga amashanyarazi. Kubwibyo, mugihe kizaza, tuzakoresha hydrogène itangwa numuyoboro, kimwe na tanki ya acide karubone ikoreshwa mugukora ibinyobwa bya karubone, kandi tugure ikigega cya hydrogène murugo kugirango tubyare amashanyarazi kuri buri rugo. Ibikoresho bigendanwa bikoresha bateri ya hydrogène biragenda biba ibisanzwe. Bizaba bishimishije kubona ejo hazaza.