Tuzashyira ahagaragara "hydrogen", igisekuru gikurikira cy'ingufu zitarimo karubone. Hydrogen igabanyijemo ubwoko butatu: "hydrogen icyatsi", "hydrogen y'ubururu" na "hydrogen y'imvi", buri bwoko bufite uburyo butandukanye bwo kuyikora. Tuzasobanura kandi buri buryo bwo kuyikora, imiterere y'ibintu nk'ibintu, uburyo bwo kubika/gutwara, n'uburyo bwo kuyikoresha. Kandi nzagaragaza impamvu ari yo soko y'ingufu ikomeye mu gisekuru gikurikira.
Electrolysis y'amazi kugira ngo ikore Hydrogen y'icyatsi kibisi
Mu gihe ukoresha hydrogen, ni ngombwa "gukora hydrogen" uko byagenda kose. Uburyo bworoshye ni "gukoresha electrolyse mu mazi". Wenda wabikoze mu mashuri abanza. Uzuza amazi n'amashanyarazi mu gikombe. Iyo bateri ihujwe na electrode kandi igahabwa ingufu, ibi bikurikira biba mu mazi no muri buri electrode.
Kuri cathode, H+ na electron bihurira hamwe bigatanga gaze ya hydrogen, mu gihe anode ikora ogisijeni. Nyamara, ubu buryo ni bwiza ku bushakashatsi bwa siyansi mu ishuri, ariko kugira ngo hakorwe hydrogen mu nganda, hagomba gutegurwa uburyo bwiza bukwiriye gukorwa ku rugero runini. Ubwo ni "electrolysis ya polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM)".
Muri ubu buryo, urukiramende rwa polymer rushobora kwinjira muri iyoni ya hydrogen rushyirwa hagati ya anode na cathode. Iyo amazi asutswe muri anode y'igikoresho, iyoni ya hydrogen ikorwa na electrolysis inyura muri urwo rukiramende rushobora kwinjira muri iyoni, aho iba hydrogen ya molekile. Ku rundi ruhande, iyoni ya oxygen ntishobora kunyura muri urwo rukiramende rushobora kwinjiramo ngo rube molekile za oxygen kuri iyo anode.
Nanone muri electrolysis y'amazi ya alkaline, ukora hydrogen na ogisijeni utandukanya anode na cathode binyuze mu gitandukanya aho iyoni za hydroxide gusa zishobora kunyura. Byongeye kandi, hari uburyo bwo mu nganda nka electrolysis y'umwuka wo mu bushyuhe bwinshi.
Mu gukora izi nzira ku rugero runini, haboneka ingano nini ya hydrogen. Muri urwo rugendo, hakorwa ogisijeni nyinshi (igice cy'ingano ya hydrogen ikorwa), ku buryo itagira ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije iramutse irekuwe mu kirere. Ariko, electrolysis isaba amashanyarazi menshi, bityo hydrogen idafite karuboni ishobora gukorwa iyo ikozwe n'amashanyarazi adakoresha ibikomoka kuri peteroli, nka turbine z'umuyaga n'imirasire y'izuba.
Ushobora kubona "hydrogen y'icyatsi" ukoresheje amashanyarazi ukoresheje ingufu zisukuye.
Hariho kandi icyuma gitanga hydrogen cyakozwe mu buryo bunini kugira ngo iyi hydrogen y’icyatsi kibisi ikoreshwe ku bwinshi. Hakoreshejwe PEM mu gice cya electrolyzer, hydrogen ishobora gukorwa buri gihe.
Hydrogen y'ubururu ikozwe mu mavuta ya kera
None se, ni ubuhe buryo bundi bwo gukora hidrojeni? Hidrojeni iba mu bikomoka kuri peteroli nka gaze karemano n'amakara nk'ibintu bitari amazi. Urugero, tekereza kuri methane (CH4), igice cy'ingenzi cya gaze karemano. Hariho atome enye za hidrojeni hano. Ushobora kubona hidrojeni ukoresheje iyi hidrojeni.
Kimwe muri ibyo ni inzira yitwa "kuvugurura umwuka wa methane" ikoresha umwuka. Uburyo bwa shimi bw'ubu buryo ni ubu bukurikira.
Nkuko mubibona, monoksade ya karuboni na hydrogen bishobora gukurwa muri molekile imwe ya methane.
Muri ubu buryo, hidrojeni ishobora gukorwa binyuze mu nzira nka "kuvugurura umwuka" na "guhindura umwuka" wa gaze karemano na makara. "Hidrojeni y'ubururu" yerekeza kuri hidrojeni ikorwa muri ubu buryo.
Muri iki gihe ariko, monoxyde de carbone na dioxyde de carbone bikorerwa nk'ibikomoka kuri byo. Bityo ugomba kubisubiramo mbere yuko birekurwa mu kirere. Dioxyde de carbone, iyo idasubiwemo, iba gaze ya hydrogen izwi ku izina rya "hydrogen y'imvi".
Hydrogen ni ubwoko ki bw'ikintu?
Hydrogen ifite inomero ya atome ya 1 kandi ni yo element ya mbere iri ku mbonerahamwe y'ibintu.
Umubare wa atome ni wo munini mu isanzure, ugizwe na 90% by'ibintu byose biri mu isanzure. Atome ntoya igizwe na protoni na electron ni atome ya hydrogen.
Hydrogen ifite isotopu ebyiri zifite neutron zifatanye n'umubumbe. “Deuterium” imwe ifite neutron ifatanye na “tritium” ebyiri zifite neutron ifatanye. Izi nazo ni ibikoresho byo gukora ingufu zivanze.
Mu nyenyeri nk'izuba, harimo kuva kuri hydrogen na helium mu kirere, ari na byo bitanga ingufu kugira ngo inyenyeri ibone urumuri.
Ariko, hidrojeni idakunze kubaho nk'umwuka ku Isi. Hidrojeni ikora imvange n'ibindi bintu nka amazi, methane, ammonia na ethanol. Kubera ko hidrojeni ari ikintu cyoroheje, uko ubushyuhe bugenda bwiyongera, umuvuduko w'ingendo za hidrojeni uriyongera, kandi ikava mu buremere bw'isi ijya mu isanzure.
Nigute wakoresha Hydrogen? Ikoreshwa mu Gutwika
None se, "hydrogen", yakuruye abantu ku isi nk'isoko y'ingufu z'igisekuru gitaha, ikoreshwa ite? Ikoreshwa mu buryo bubiri bw'ingenzi: "gutwika" na "ingufu zikomoka ku binyabiziga". Reka dutangire dukoresheje "gutwika".
Hari ubwoko bubiri bw'ingenzi bwo gutwika bukoreshwa.
Iya mbere ni nk'amavuta ya roketi. Roketi ya H-IIA yo mu Buyapani ikoresha gaze ya hydrogen "hydrogen liquid" na "ogisijeni liquid" nayo iri mu mimerere yo guhindagurika nk'amavuta. Ibi byombi birahuzwa, kandi ingufu z'ubushyuhe zikorwa icyo gihe zihutisha ishyirwa ry'amazi akorwa, akaguruka mu kirere. Ariko, kubera ko ari moteri igoye mu buryo bwa tekiniki, uretse Ubuyapani, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, Uburayi, Uburusiya, Ubushinwa n'Ubuhinde ni byo byonyine byahuje iyi lisansi neza.
Icya kabiri ni ugutanga amashanyarazi. Gutanga amashanyarazi ya turbine ya gaze binakoresha uburyo bwo guhuza hydrogen na ogisijeni kugira ngo bikore ingufu. Mu yandi magambo, ni uburyo bureba ingufu z'ubushyuhe zikorwa na hydrogen. Mu nganda zitanga ingufu zishyuha, ubushyuhe buturuka ku makara atwika, peteroli na gaze karemano butanga umwuka utwara turbine. Iyo hydrogen ikoreshejwe nk'isoko y'ubushyuhe, uruganda rutanga ingufu ntiruzakoresha karubone.
Nigute wakoresha Hydrogen? Ikoreshwa nk'imashini ikoresha lisansi
Ubundi buryo bwo gukoresha hydrogen ni nk'imashini ikoresha lisansi, ihindura hydrogen mu buryo butaziguye amashanyarazi. By'umwihariko, Toyota yakuruye ibitekerezo mu Buyapani ivuga ko imodoka zikoresha hydrogen aho gukoresha amashanyarazi (EVs) ari zo zikoresha lisansi nk'uburyo bwo guhangana n'ubushyuhe bw'isi.
By’umwihariko, tuba dukora ibinyuranye n’ibyo iyo dutangije uburyo bwo gukora "hydrogen y’icyatsi". Inzira y’ubutabire ni iyi ikurikira.
Hydrogen ishobora gukora amazi (amazi ashyushye cyangwa umwuka w'umwuka) mu gihe ikora amashanyarazi, kandi ishobora gusuzumwa kuko idateza umutwaro ku bidukikije. Ku rundi ruhande, ubu buryo bufite ubushobozi buke bwo gukora amashanyarazi bwa 30-40%, kandi busaba platine nk'umusemburo, bityo bigasaba kwiyongera kw'ibiciro.
Muri iki gihe, turimo gukoresha uturemangingo twa polymer electrolyte fuel (PEFC) na aside fosforike (PAFC). By'umwihariko, imodoka za lisansi zikoresha PEFC, bityo bikaba byitezwe ko izakwirakwira mu gihe kizaza.
Ese kubika no gutwara imyuka ya hydrogène nta kibazo?
Kugeza ubu, dutekereza ko usobanukiwe uburyo gaze ya hydrogen ikorwa n'uko ikoreshwa. None se iyi hydrogen uyibika ute? Uyikura ute aho uyikeneye? Bite se ku bijyanye n'umutekano muri icyo gihe? Turagusobanurira.
Mu by’ukuri, hydrogen nayo ni ikintu giteje akaga cyane. Mu ntangiriro z’ikinyejana cya 20, twakoresheje hydrogen nk'umwuka wo kohereza amabaluni, amabaluni, n'indege mu kirere kuko cyari cyoroheje cyane. Ariko, ku ya 6 Gicurasi 1937, i New Jersey, muri Amerika, "ubwato bw'indege bwa Hindenburg bwaraturitse".
Kuva impanuka yabaho, byamenyekanye cyane ko gaze ya hydrogen ari mbi. Cyane cyane iyo ifashwe n'inkongi y'umuriro, iraturika cyane hamwe na ogisijeni. Kubwibyo, "kwirinda ogisijeni" cyangwa "kwirinda ubushyuhe" ni ngombwa.
Nyuma yo gufata izi ngamba, twabonye uburyo bwo kohereza ibicuruzwa.
Hydrogen ni gaze mu bushyuhe bw'icyumba, nubwo ikiri gaze, ni nini cyane. Uburyo bwa mbere ni ugushyiramo umuvuduko mwinshi no gukanda nk'ikiyiko mu gihe ukora ibinyobwa birimo karubone. Tegura ikigega cyihariye gifite umuvuduko mwinshi hanyuma ukibike mu gihe gifite umuvuduko mwinshi nka 45Mpa.
Toyota, ikora imodoka zitwara lisansi (FCV), irimo gukora ikigega cya hydrogen gifite umuvuduko mwinshi wa resin gishobora kwihanganira umuvuduko wa 70 MPa.
Ubundi buryo ni ugukonjesha kugeza kuri -253°C kugira ngo ukore hydrogen y'amazi, hanyuma ukayibika no kuyitwara mu bigega byihariye bishyushya. Kimwe na LNG (gaze karemano ishongeshejwe) iyo gazi karemano itumizwa iturutse mu mahanga, hydrogen ishongeshwa mu gihe cyo kuyitwara, bigabanura ingano yayo kugeza kuri 1/800 cy'imiterere yayo ya gazi. Mu 2020, twarangije gutwara hydrogen y'amazi ya mbere ku isi. Ariko, ubu buryo ntibukwiriye ku modoka zitwara lisansi kuko bisaba ingufu nyinshi kugira ngo ikonje.
Hari uburyo bwo kubika no kohereza mu bigega nk'ubu, ariko turimo no guteza imbere ubundi buryo bwo kubika imyuka ya hydrogen.
Uburyo bwo kubika ni ugukoresha aloyide zo kubika hydrogen. Hydrogen ifite imiterere yo kwinjira mu byuma no kubyangiza. Iyi ni inama y’iterambere yakozwe muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu myaka ya 1960. JJ Reilly n'abandi. Igerageza ryagaragaje ko hydrogen ishobora kubikwa no kurekurwa hakoreshejwe aloyide ya magnesium na vanadium.
Nyuma y’ibyo, yakoze neza ikintu nka palladium, gishobora kwinjiza hydrogen inshuro 935 z’ingano yayo.
Akamaro ko gukoresha iyi alloy ni uko ishobora gukumira impanuka zo gusohora imyuka ya hydrogen (cyane cyane impanuka zo guturika). Kubwibyo, ishobora kubikwa no gutwarwa neza. Ariko, iyo utitonze ukayisiga ahantu hadakwiye, alloy zo kubika hydrogen zishobora kurekura gaze ya hydrogen uko igihe kigenda gihita. Ndetse n'agasatsi gato gashobora gutera impanuka yo guturika, rero witondere.
Ikindi kandi, ifite ikibazo cy'uko kongera gukurura no kugabanya hydrogen mu buryo bwimbitse bituma icika intege kandi ikagabanya igipimo cyo kuyikuramo.
Ikindi ni ugukoresha imiyoboro. Hari itegeko rivuga ko igomba kuba idafunze kandi ifite umuvuduko muto kugira ngo hirindwe ko imiyoboro yangirika, ariko inyungu ni uko imiyoboro ya gazi isanzwe ishobora gukoreshwa. Tokyo Gas yakoze imirimo yo kubaka kuri Harumi FLAG, ikoresha imiyoboro ya gazi yo mu mujyi kugira ngo itange hydrogen ku tunyangingo twa lisansi.
Umuryango w'ejo hazaza washinzwe na Hydrogen Energy
Hanyuma, reka turebe uruhare imyuka ya hydrogen ishobora kugira muri sosiyete.
Icy'ingenzi kurushaho ni uko dushaka guteza imbere umuryango udafite karuboni, dukoresha hydrogen mu gutanga amashanyarazi aho gukoresha ingufu z'ubushyuhe.
Aho gukoresha inganda nini zikoresha ubushyuhe, ingo zimwe na zimwe zashyizeho uburyo nka ENE-FARM, bukoresha hydrogen iboneka mu kuvugurura gazi karemano kugira ngo butange amashanyarazi akenewe. Ariko, ikibazo cyo kumenya icyo gukora ku bikomoka ku ivugurura giracyahari.
Mu gihe kizaza, niba urujya n'uruza rwa hydrogen ubwayo rwiyongera, nko kongera umubare w'ibikoresho byo kongera lisansi ya hydrogen, bizashoboka gukoresha amashanyarazi adasohora dioxyde de carbone. Amashanyarazi abyara hydrogen y'icyatsi kibisi, birumvikana ko akoresha amashanyarazi akomoka ku zuba cyangwa ku muyaga. Ingufu zikoreshwa mu gusya amashanyarazi zigomba kuba imbaraga zo kugabanya ingano y'amashanyarazi atangwa cyangwa gushya bateri ishobora kongera gukoreshwa iyo hari ingufu zirenze zituruka ku ngufu karemano. Mu yandi magambo, hydrogen iri mu mwanya umwe na bateri ishobora kongera gukoreshwa. Ibi nibibaho, amaherezo bizashoboka kugabanya ingufu zikoreshwa mu bushyuhe. Umunsi moteri y'imbere mu modoka izabura uri hafi cyane.
Hydrogen ishobora kandi kuboneka binyuze mu bundi buryo. Mu by'ukuri, hydrogen iracyari umusaruro ukomoka ku gukora soda ya caustic. Mu bindi bintu, ni umusaruro ukomoka ku gukora coke mu byuma. Iyo ushyize iyi hydrogen mu gukwirakwiza, uzabasha kubona amasoko menshi. Gazi ya hydrogen ikorwa muri ubu buryo itangwa na sitasiyo za hydrogen.
Reka turebere hamwe ibizaba mu gihe kizaza. Ingufu nyinshi zitakaza na zo ni ikibazo ku buryo bwo kohereza hakoreshejwe insinga kugira ngo zitange ingufu. Kubwibyo, mu gihe kizaza, tuzakoresha hydrogen itangwa n'imiyoboro, kimwe n'ibigega bya aside karubone bikoreshwa mu gukora ibinyobwa birimo karubone, kandi tugure ikigega cya hydrogen mu rugo kugira ngo gikore amashanyarazi kuri buri rugo. Ibikoresho bigendanwa bikoresha bateri za hydrogen birimo kuba ibintu bisanzwe. Bizaba bishimishije kubona ahazaza nk'aho.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kamena-08-2023
